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(PDF) BAP: A binary analysis platform | Thanassis Avgerinos

 
TIE analyzes each memory access in x86 to find variable locations similar to VSA [2] , creates a system of type constraints based upon variable usage, and solves for a typing on all variables.

 

Jakstab free download. BAP: A binary analysis platform

 

Other analyses can either be implemented in Jakstab to run together with the main control flow reconstruction to improve precision of the disassembly, or they can work on the resulting preprocessed control flow graph.

Jakstab is invoked via the command line, it comes with both a Windows and a Unix shell script for setting the correct classpath.

The package contains a set of examples for unit testing, you can try it out on those by running. It is still a research prototype, so all interfaces are likely to change with new versions without further notice. Documentation is still sparse, but will hopefully improve over time.

The following publications, sorted chronologically, describe specific aspects of Jakstab, or applications and extensions of it. The CAV tool paper describes an early implementation of Jakstab, which was based on iterative constant propagation and branch resolution:. Our VMCAI paper introduces a generic framework for disassembly and control flow reconstruction guided by data flow analysis and defines the theoretical background for Jakstab.

The framework is not fixed in its choice of domain, but allows to combine control flow reconstruction with any data flow analysis that provides abstract evaluation of expressions:. In FMCAD , we give an overview on the Jakstab architecture and describe Bounded Address Tracking, a practical abstract domain used for control flow reconstruction and verification of API usage specifications on device driver binaries:. In our paper at VMCAI , we give a reformulation of control flow reconstruction using parameterized semantics, and show how it can be extended to accomodate under-approximations derived from concrete execution traces.

A prototype implementation shows that under-approximations allow to reconstruct useful CFGs when the over-approximation would have to conservatively over-approximate indirect jump targets.

The WCRE paper proposes a method for using Jakstab to analyze binaries that have been protected using virtualization-obfuscation. Tyrique Littel. Static code analysis refers to the technique of approximating the runtime behavior of a program. In other words, it is the process of predicting the output of a program without actually executing it.

We cover a lot of ground in this post. The aim is to build an understanding of static code analysis and to equip you with the basic theory, and the right tools so that you can write analyzers on your own. We start our journey with laying down the essential parts of the pipeline which a compiler follows to understand what a piece of code does. We learn where to tap points in this pipeline to plug in our analyzers and extract meaningful information.

In the latter half, we get our feet wet, and write four such static analyzers, completely from scratch, in Python. Note that although the ideas here are discussed in light of Python, static code analyzers across all programming languages are carved out along similar lines. We chose Python because of the availability of an easy to use ast module, and wide adoption of the language itself.

As you can see in the diagram go ahead, zoom it! The first thing that a compiler does when trying to understand a piece of code is to break it down into smaller chunks, also known as tokens. Tokens are akin to what words are in a language. A token might consist of either a single character, like , or literals like integers, strings, e.

Characters which do not contribute towards the semantics of a program, like trailing whitespace, comments, etc. Python provides the tokenize module in its standard library to let you play around with tokens:.

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Abstract BAP is a publicly available infrastructure for performing program verification and analysis tasks on binary ie, executable code. Related Papers. Q: Exploit hardening made easy. TIE: Principled reverse engineering of types in binary programs. Unleashing mayhem on binary code.

All you ever wanted to know about dynamic taint analysis and forward symbolic execution but might have been afraid to ask. McDash: Refinement-based property verification for machine code. BAP is a publicly available infrastructure for performing pro- gram verification and analysis tasks on binary i.

In this paper, we describe BAP as well as lessons learned from previous in- carnations of binary analysis platforms. BAP explicitly represents all side effects of instructions in an intermediate language IL , making syntax- directed analysis possible. Binary code analysis is attractive because it offers high fidelity reasoning of the code that will actu- ally execute, and because not requiring source code makes such techniques more widely applicable.

BAP, the Binary Analysis Platform, is the third incarnation of our infras- tructure for performing analysis on binary code. This enables all subsequent analyses to be written in a syntax-directed fashion. For example, the core code of our symbolic executor for assembly is only lines long due to the simplicity of the IL. The verification can be performed on dynamically executed traces e.

We have leveraged BAP and its predecessors in dozens of security research applications ranging from automatically generating exploits for buffer overflows to inferring types on assembly. Generating VCs that are actually solvable in practice is important; we routinely solve VCs hundreds of megabytes in size that capture the semantics of ,s of assembly instructions using BAP.

In the rest of this paper we discuss these features, how they evolved, compare them to other platforms where possible, and provide examples of how we have used them in various projects. In order to appreciate the difficulty, consider the three line assembly pro- gram below. Suppose we want to create a verification condition VC that is sat- isfied only by inputs that take the conditional jump e.

The challenge is that arithmetic operations set up to 6 status flags, and control flow in assembly depends upon the values of those flags. Other binary tools such as instrumentors, disassemblers, and editors e. Our next incarnation, Vine, was designed to address the problem by explic- itly encoding side-effects in the IL.

The result is that subsequent analyses and verification could rely upon the IL syntax alone. Vine is significantly more suc- cessful than asm2c, and has been used in dozens of research projects see [4]. BAP is a complete re-design of Vine that encompasses lessons learned from our previous work on binary analysis. The main goals of BAP are: 1 explicitly repre- sent all assembly side-effects to allow for syntax-directed analysis; 2 use a simple IL with formally defined semantics; 3 include useful analyses and verification techniques appropriate for binary code either by design or by adaptation ; and 4 allow user-defined analyses.

The semantics of the BAP IL is formally defined, which weeded out several bugs from Vine and allowed us to better argue about the correctness of implemented analyses and algorithms. The IL also adds primi- tives to handle instruction issues discovered in Vine such as bi-endian memory op- erations, and is simpler overall.

In addition to modeling the semantics of instruc- 1 Vine is still actively developed at Berkeley under the BitBlaze project [4]. The BAP binary analysis architecture and components. The front end is responsible for lifting binary code for the supported architectures to the IL. The back-end implements our program analyses and verifications for low-level code. The front end reads binary code from an execution trace or a region of a binary executable.

When lifting instructions from a binary, BAP uses a linear sweep disassembly algorithm. The user or an analysis is responsible for directing BAP to properly aligned instructions. The result of lifting is an IL program. An abbreviated definition of the IL syntax is shown in Table 1; the full IL syn- tax and semantics are provided at [7]. The special statement indicates a system call or other unmodeled behavior. Other statements have their obvious meaning.

All expressions in BAP are side-effect free. The unknown expression indicates an unknown value; for instance, we use this to model the contents of registers having an undefined state after a specific instruction e.

One ex- ample is static single assignment SSA [1] form. SSA form makes use-def and def-use chains explicit in syntax, and enforces the use of three-address code. These changes often make it significantly easier to implement new analyses and optimizations. The BAP back-end consists of program analyses and transformations. We discuss these in more detail in Section 4. Users can use BAP command line utilities out of the box to perform standard operations.

For instance, users can use the iltrans tool to create a pipeline of actions that 1 converts an IL program to SSA form; 2 applies all BAP opti- mizations; 3 converts back to IL form; 4 outputs a verification condition VC for the optimized program. BAP can also be extended programatically. New analyses can build on existing analyses and transformations, allowing for modularity and reuse of implemented analyses similar to a source-level compiler architecture. For example, if we are interested in whether integer overflow occurs for a particular variable we can reason about the slice of statements affecting backwards slicing or affected by forward slicing that variable.

Optimizations are an important part of the BAP framework for several reasons. First, the IL makes all side-effects explicit by default, many of which may not matter for a particular analysis. Deadcode elimina- tion will remove these. In our coreutils experiments [8], we found that the use of optimizations re- sulted in an overall speedup of 4. Our evaluator allows us to run a BAP program and examine any dynamic properties.

Verification Conditions BAP can create verification conditions using several methods. BAP generates VCs with respect to a postcondition, such that if the formula is true then the program terminates and the postcondition holds.

Other methods produce smaller VCs. We implement two algorithms. Second, we have developed and proved correctness of a variant of Flanagan and Saxe that can be run in the forward direction [8]. Due to space, please refer to [5] for a full list. Example applications are: — We designed and performed type reconstruction on compiled C programs in a system called TIE [10].

TIE analyzes each memory access in x86 to find variable locations similar to VSA [2] , creates a system of type constraints based upon variable usage, and solves for a typing on all variables.

For instance, we tested each function to see if the overflow flag could be set, or if the return address could be overwritten2. We have used this to perform automatic patch-based exploit generation, malware analysis, and other security-related tasks [4, 5].

Some features, like floating point and privileged instructions are unsupported. Instead, we use random testing to identify any differences between the semantics of our lifted IL and behavior on a real processor. Thus, the user must identify code locations. This can be done manually, by relying on symbol data, or by using a recursive descent analysis such as IDA Pro.

Lifting also assumes that code is static. Some analyses require indirect jumps to be resolved to concrete locations. For instance, it is not possible to generate VCs using weakest preconditions in the presence of unresolved indirect jumps, since weakest precondition is a static analysis. It is still possible to use dynamic symbolic execution, however.

BAP explicitly represents side effects of instructions in a simple, formally defined IL. A number of analyses, optimizations, and verifi- cation techniques are already built into BAP, and adding new ones is easy.

References 1. Modern Compiler Implementation in ML. Cambridge University Press, Balakrishnan, R. Gruian, T. Reps, and T. BitBlaze binary analysis project. Ganesh and D. A decision procedure for bit-vectors and arrays. Jager, T. Avgerinos, E. Schwartz, and D. Jager and D. Efficient directionless weakest preconditions. Kinder and H. Jakstab: A static analysis platform for binaries. Lee, T. Avgerinos, and D. Phoenix framework. Nethercote and J. Valgrind: A program supervision framework.

Dyninst: An application program interface for runtime code generation. BAP 7

 
 

(PDF) BAP: A binary analysis platform | Thanassis Avgerinos

 
 

I came across a couple of tools, which either won’t compile on my ubuntu Those tools are:. To be more precise I want to analyze a given binary for its most frequently used functions and change it in such a way that before executing these functions, a given set of instructions are performed. These instructions comprise of loading an array of stored bytes, reading a byte at a certain position and comparing it with a pre-defined value.

I want to make sure that the binary definitely executes these instructions during every trial. There are 2 alternative approaches I came across which basically alter standard c functions like memcpy , strcpy , printf , etc. Drawback of this approach is that eventhough I subsitute standard c functions they do not necessarily have to get called, hence my instruction will not get executed neither.

Do you guys have experience regarding binary rewriting or do your have clues for accomplishing this rather exotic task? BAP and Dyninst would help you. It have a very easy to use utility to create control flow graph from binaries. The front end is responsible for lifting binary code for the supported architectures to the IL. The back-end implements our program analyses and verifications for low-level code. The front end reads binary code from an execution trace or a region of a binary executable.

When lifting instructions from a binary, BAP uses a linear sweep disassembly algorithm. The user or an analysis is responsible for directing BAP to properly aligned instructions.

The result of lifting is an IL program. An abbreviated definition of the IL syntax is shown in Table 1; the full IL syn- tax and semantics are provided at [7].

The special statement indicates a system call or other unmodeled behavior. Other statements have their obvious meaning. All expressions in BAP are side-effect free. The unknown expression indicates an unknown value; for instance, we use this to model the contents of registers having an undefined state after a specific instruction e. One ex- ample is static single assignment SSA [1] form. SSA form makes use-def and def-use chains explicit in syntax, and enforces the use of three-address code.

These changes often make it significantly easier to implement new analyses and optimizations. The BAP back-end consists of program analyses and transformations. We discuss these in more detail in Section 4. Users can use BAP command line utilities out of the box to perform standard operations.

For instance, users can use the iltrans tool to create a pipeline of actions that 1 converts an IL program to SSA form; 2 applies all BAP opti- mizations; 3 converts back to IL form; 4 outputs a verification condition VC for the optimized program.

BAP can also be extended programatically. New analyses can build on existing analyses and transformations, allowing for modularity and reuse of implemented analyses similar to a source-level compiler architecture.

For example, if we are interested in whether integer overflow occurs for a particular variable we can reason about the slice of statements affecting backwards slicing or affected by forward slicing that variable. Optimizations are an important part of the BAP framework for several reasons. First, the IL makes all side-effects explicit by default, many of which may not matter for a particular analysis. Deadcode elimina- tion will remove these.

In our coreutils experiments [8], we found that the use of optimizations re- sulted in an overall speedup of 4. Our evaluator allows us to run a BAP program and examine any dynamic properties. Verification Conditions BAP can create verification conditions using several methods. BAP generates VCs with respect to a postcondition, such that if the formula is true then the program terminates and the postcondition holds.

Other methods produce smaller VCs. We implement two algorithms. Second, we have developed and proved correctness of a variant of Flanagan and Saxe that can be run in the forward direction [8]. Due to space, please refer to [5] for a full list. Example applications are: — We designed and performed type reconstruction on compiled C programs in a system called TIE [10]. TIE analyzes each memory access in x86 to find variable locations similar to VSA [2] , creates a system of type constraints based upon variable usage, and solves for a typing on all variables.

For instance, we tested each function to see if the overflow flag could be set, or if the return address could be overwritten2. We have used this to perform automatic patch-based exploit generation, malware analysis, and other security-related tasks [4, 5].

Some features, like floating point and privileged instructions are unsupported. Instead, we use random testing to identify any differences between the semantics of our lifted IL and behavior on a real processor.

Thus, the user must identify code locations. This can be done manually, by relying on symbol data, or by using a recursive descent analysis such as IDA Pro. Per Larsen September 7, Urs More information. Instruction scheduling. Modern processors. Simplified architecture model. Mike Melanson mike multimedia. The analysis of More information. Advanced Computer Architecture-CS Computer Systems Design and Architecture 2.

Lecture Obfuscation Lecture Obfuscation Compiler Design Robbie Harwood and Maxime Serrano 21 November 1 Introduction We have previously lecture 20 considered the problem of doing compilation backwards i. Cloud Computing.

There is plenty of room up front I can’t increase the font size More information. Reverse engineering is the process of discovering the technological principles of a More information. Figure 1 Schema of DarunGrim2 Reversing Microsoft patches to reveal vulnerable code Harsimran Walia Computer Security Enthusiast Abstract The paper would try to reveal the vulnerable code for a particular disclosed vulnerability, More information. X Architecture Guide X Architecture Guide For the code-generation project, we shall expose you to a simplified version of the x platform.

Lecture Putting it all together. Example Output assembly code Example input program Anatomy of a Computer How to make the computer understand?

Fall Lecture Putting it all together From parsing to code generation Write a program using a programming language Microprocessors talk in assembly language More information. Interpreters and virtual machines. Why interpreters? Tree-based interpreters. Text-based interpreters Interpreters and virtual machines Michel Schinz 03 23 Interpreters Interpreters Why interpreters?

More information. Timing analysis is a key step in the More information. Data Model Bugs. In today s internet-centric world, web More information. Applications of obfuscation to software and hardware systems Applications of obfuscation to software and hardware systems Victor P.

Cedar More information. ISA provides the level of abstraction between the software and the hardware One of the most important abstraction in CS It s narrow, More information. Compiler Design CSE Advanced compiler construction. General course information. Course goals. Grading scheme. Software Reverse Engineering Software Reverse Engineering Jacco Krijnen June 19, Abstract While reverse engineering probably started with the analysis of hardware, today it plays a significant role in the software world.

We discuss More information. Office hours: TDB Levine eclewis cis. Reps, and T. BitBlaze binary analysis project. Ganesh and D. A decision procedure for bit-vectors and arrays. Jager, T. Avgerinos, E. Schwartz, and D. Jager and D. Efficient directionless weakest preconditions. Kinder and H. Jakstab: A static analysis platform for binaries. Lee, T.

Avgerinos, and D. Phoenix framework. Nethercote and J. Valgrind: A program supervision framework. Dyninst: An application program interface for runtime code generation. BAP 7 Schwartz, T. All you ever wanted to know about dynamic taint analysis and forward symbolic execution but might have been afraid to ask. Thakur, J. Lim, A. Lal, A. Burton, E. Driscoll, M. Elder, T. Andersen, and T. Directed proof generation for machine code. In CAV, pages —, Q: Exploit hardening made easy.

Sigplan Notices Transactional memory with strong atomicity using off-the-shelf memory protection hardware. A Smart Fuzzer for x86 Executables. Disassembly of Executable Code Revisited. McDash: Refinement-based property verification for machine code. Design Automation for Embedded Systems Creating portable and efficient packet processing applications.

Reverse Engineering for Beginners. Reverse Engineering for Beginners-en. Obfuscated instructions for software protection. Context-sensitive interprocedural points-to analysis in the presence of function pointers. Novel method of control flow and structural coverage measurement for object code verification.